History of Chunar

Oriel Window, Chunar Fort  / Image Credit 

Chunar, about 25 miles south-west of Varanasi,  is in Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh. History weighs on this place. 

Many of the monolithic columns of the Mauryan period in the 3rd century BC bear Ashoka’s inscriptions. These columns were made of the sandstone from the same quarry at Chunar. The 10 meter long fifth century AD statue of the reclining Buddha  housed in the Mahaparinirvana Temple at Kushinagar (where the Buddha breathed his last) is made of the sandstone of Chunar. 

Chunar has an immense fort overlooking the Ganga. This place has been the scene of many battles. Second Mughal emperor Humayun’s treaty with the Afghan ruler Sher Shah allowed the latter to retain the Chunar Fort. The third Mughal ruler Akbar recaptured it in 1575. 

In the mid - 18th century it was appropriated by Awadh and subsequently, the British. The fort has a sun - dial and a huge well, and affords a splendid view of the Ganga.

Legend of Baidyanath Temple

                                                                    Baidyanath Dham 

The Baidyanath Temple, situated in Deoghar in Jharkhand, is a famous Hindu shrine dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is one of the twelve Jyotirlingas, considered the most sacred Shiva temples in India. 

The legend of Baidyanath Dham goes something like this. Ravana, the demon king of Lanka (Ceylon), was performing penance in the Himalayan region to appease Shiva. He requested him to come over to Sri Lanka, so  that his capital may become invincible. 

Pleased with Ravana’s devotion and penance, Lord Shiva asked what boon he desired. Ravana,  a devout follower of Shiva, expressed his desire to take Shiva from Himalayan Mount Kailash (Lord Shiva’s abode) to Lanka. The demon king attempted to lift the holy mountain, Mount Kailash, and take it with him to his capital. However, Shiva crushed him with his finger, and Ravana prayed to him and sought his mercy, after which Shiva gave him one of the twelve Jyotirlingams with the condition that if it was placed on the ground it could not be moved. Hence Ravana had to carry it back on his trek to his capital. 

Celestial gods became worried upon hearing that Shiva had departed from his abode on Mount Kailash. Then Varuna. the God of water, entered Ravana’s stomach and caused him to feel the need to urinate in the vicinity of Deoghar.

Vishnu then came down in the form of  a shepherd named Baiju Gadariya and volunteered to hold the Jyotirlingam as he relieved himself. But before Ravana could return, the Shepherd placed the jyotirlingam on the ground to which it became rooted. A disappointed Ravana offered severe penances to Shiva here, and cut off nine of his heads as a part of his repentance. Shiva revived him and joined the heads to the body, like a Vaidya or a physician, hence this Jyotirlingam goes by the name Vaidyanath. 

 

Satsang Ashram Deoghar

Image Credit 

Located in south-west of Deoghar, Satsang Ashram is one of the most frequented pilgrimage destinations in Jharkhand. Established by Shri Shri Thakur Anukulchandra in 1946, the Ashram is a sanctuary of peace and serenity for his followers. It is visited by people from across the world.

 

 

 

Baba Baidyanath Dham Deoghar

Also known as Baba Dham, Baidyanath Dham and by various other names, Deoghar is home toone of the holiest Hindu places. Travel to this district town in Jharkhand and you will be confronted by a symbol of Hindu India in the spiritually important Baidyanath Dham Temple, the number-one attraction of this place that draws large number of pilgrims daily. The temple is one of the Dwadasa Jyotirlinga shrines or the 12 shrines enshrining Shiva in the form of a Jyotirlingam in the country.

The Dwadasa Jyotirlinga shrines  have been revered since time immemorial in the Indian system of beliefs. The southernmost of these shrines is located at Rameswaram, while the northernmost is located in the Himalayas at Kedarnath in Uttrakhand. Closely linked with legends from the Puranas (the sacred texts of Hinduism) these temples are rich in history and tradition.

Baidyanath Dham becomes one of India’s busiest pilgrimage sites during the month of Shravan, the fifth month of Hindu calendar.

Deoghar is also one of the 52 Shakti Pitha shrines of Sati.

 

Kerala Varma Pazhassi Raja

Pazhassi tomb at Mananthavady in Wayanad

Known as Kerala Simham  (Lion of Kerala)  Pazhassi Raja was  a prince of the Kottayam Kingdom. He is known for his armed resistance against the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company in the late 18th century. He adopted guerilla warfare against the British East India Company.

His memorial is situated at Mananthavady, 32 km northeast of Kalpetta, headquarters of the Wayanad district.

Dancing Girl of Mohenjo-Daro

Dancing Girl is a fabled bronze statue which was excavated from Moenjodaro in 1926 by Ernest Mackay, one of the archaeologists who excavated Mohenjo-Daro. Currently in the National Museum, New Delhi, dancing girl statue is 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) tall. 

The figurine depicts a nude young woman, with pony tail and bangles adorning her arms. The statuette was sculpted using the lost wax technique. Apart from its aesthetic value, the Dancing Girl figurine is also famous for its craftsmanship.

Guru Arjan, the Fifth Guru of Sikhism

Guru Arjan, the fifth Sikh Guru, was executed by orders of fourth Mughal Emperor Jahangir, who ruled from 1605 to 1627. He was charged with treason because he had given shelter to Prince Khusrau at Tarn Taran, who had rebelled against his father Jahangir for the Mughal throne. 

Khusrau was captured, confined and subsequently killed by Shah Jahan (fifth Mughal emperor) in 1622. 

Guru Arjan was at first fined by the Imperial Mughal power, but as he refused to pay the fine he was sentenced to death. However, famous Sufi saint of Chistiyya order, Shaikh Nizam Thaneswari, was banished by the emperor to Mecca for the same offence. This was an unwise political decision by Jahangir because this sowed the seeds of acrimonious relations between the Mughals and the Sikhs.

Ceremony for Guru Arjan Dev Ji’s death anniversary takes place in Lahore (Pakistan) at Gurdwara Dera Sahib which commemorates the spot where he died in 1606.  

Tarikh-i-Alfi‘ Or "Millennial History’

The Tarikh-i-Alfi (History of a Thousand Years) is a historical work chronicling the first thousand years of Islamic world history. Commissioned by Mughal emperor Akbar, the chronicle was written by a board of compilers headed by a Shia theologian Mulla Ahmad of Thatta. Mulla Ahmad had written a large part of the text. 

Due to the animosity between Shias and Sunnis, Mulla Ahmad was murdered in 1588 in the street of Lahore by a Sunni nobleman, Mirza Fawlad, who lured him out of his house on the pretext that the emperor had asked for his presence in the court. 

Mirza Fawlad was condemned to death causing resentment among the Sunnis who exhumed Mulla Ahmad's body and burnt it. After the death of Mulla Ahmad, Asaf Khan Jafar Beg completed the rest of the work around 1592.  

Mughal Court historian Badauni was selected by Akbar to revise the manuscript and compare it with other histories.

Tarikh-i-Alfi was written in the Persian language. 

Meer Taqi Meer

Known as Khuda-e-Sukhan' (God of poetry), Mir Taqi Mir, also spelled Meer Taqi Meer, was born in Agra in 1723 and died in 1810 in Lucknow. He moved to Delhi at the age of 11 after his father's death. Known by his mononym ‘Mir’, Mir Taqi Mir was one of the greatest Urdu poets.

When the prestige of the Mughal Empire began to wane and chaos began to reign supreme due to the constant invasions from the foreign powers including Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali, Mir moved to the court of Asaf-ud-Daula Nawab of Oudh in Lucknow in 1782, where he breathed his last on September 21, 1810 at the age of 87.

His autobiography is Zikr-i-Mir, originally penned in Persian.