Indian History

 Mricchakatika (The Little Clay Cart), the most realistic of Indian dramas, is ascribed to Śūdraka,  According to  A. L. Basham  Śūdraka was probably Kalidasa’s approximate contemporary. The Sanskrit drama tells a story of the love of a poor Brahman Charudatta for a wealthy and virtuous courtezan Vasantasena. The climax of the play is the trial scene after which Charudatta is saved from execution at the last moment.  Mṛcchakaṭika is one of the most widely Sanskrit dramas performed on the European stage. 

Brahmagupta is one of the most famous of the ancient Indian astronomers and mathematicians. He wrote his masterpiece Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta (“Correctly Established Doctrine of Brahma”) in 628 AD. It was translated into Arabic in Baghdad about 771 and it became famous in the Arabic world as Sindhind.  One of the most popular estimates of the size of the Earth was made by Brahmagupta who calculated that it has a circumference as 5000 yojanas. His yojana is equal to about 4.5 miles (7.2 km.). It was Brahmagupta who used zero as number for the first time. 

Vedanta, (“the end of the Vedas”) is also called Uttara Mimamsa (Later  Mimamsa). It is the most important of the six systems of Salvations in Hinduism.   The doctrine of Vedanta are based the Upanishads, mystical texts in Hinduism. .  Brahma Sutras of Badarayana is the basic text of the system. Written early in the Christian era, Brahma Sutras has been commented on by many scholars in periods from ancient to modern. Modern mystical teachers including Swami Vivekananda and Aurobindo Ghose are Vedantists.   

  A popular syncretism in Hinduism is the god Harihara (Hari being a title of Vishnu and Hara of Shiva). Harihara is worshipped in the form of an icon which combines characteristics of both gods.  The cult of Harihara became popular in South India where the deity is still worshipped. The Harihara temples were built by Vijayanagara ruler.

Today, Budaun may be a non- descript town in the district of the same name in the western Uttar Pradesh, history weighs heavily on it.  About 235 km from Delhi, Budaun came into prominence when it became a centre of power during the reign of  Iltutmish of the Slave Dynasty of Delhi Sultanate. Iltutmish, who ruled from AD 1210 to 1236, served as the governor of Badaun under the Delhi Sultan Qutab ud-din Aibak before becoming the Sultan. It was at Badaun where Tajuddin Yalduz, successor of Muhammad of Ghor in Ghazni and a rival of Iltutmish, was beheaded on the instruction of the latter in 1216. The imposing Shamsi mosque in the town was commissioned by Iltutmish.  Budaun was the birthplace of Hazrat Nizamuddin Auliya (1236-1325), one of the most famous Sufi saints of Chisti order. His Dargah in Delhi attracts a large number of visitors.  Alauddin Alam Shah , the last ruler of Sayyid Dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, found it better to retire in Badaun after abdicating the throne in favou

The Rashtrakutas were the feudatories of the Chalukyas of Badami or Vatapi, also known as early Chalukyas. Their kingdom was founded by Dantidurga or Dantivarman who overthrew the Chalukya dynasty about 753. After him, his uncle Krishna I became the next ruler whose accession to the Rashtrakuta throne proved to be the final nail in the coffin for the Chalukyas of the Badami. Kailasnatha Temple , the crowning achievement of Ellora, was excavated on the instructions of Krishna I . Krishna I was succeeded by his eldest son Govinda II who, in turn, was dethroned by his younger brother Dhruva Dharavarsha who ruled from c. 779 to 793-94. He decisively intervened in the  tripartite struggle for the supremacy of Kannauj in north India and defeated both the Pala king Dharampal and Pratihara ruler Vatsaraja. After these victories he added the emblem of Ganga and Yamuna to his imperial insignia.  Next Rashtrakuta ruler was Dhruva’s illustrious son Govinda III (A.D. 793-814), who fought a successf

 Ashoka ranks among the greatest rulers in the history of mankind. It is with good reason the Lion capital of Asoka has been adopted by Indian Republic as its National Emblem.  Early Life For Asoka’s early life, we have to rely on traditional accounts.  Her mother has been referred to by different names in different Buddhist accounts. While she has been called Subhadrangi In one account, the other Buddhist texts refer to her as Janapada Kalyani and Dharma. As a young prince, Ashoka served as a viceroy of Ujjain and Taxila. Apart from Devi or Vedisa Mahadevi whom Asoka married during his viceroyalty of Ujjai, Karuvaki and Asandhimitra were his other two queens. Karuvaki was the mother of Tivara, the only son of Asoka to be mentioned by name in his inscription. Accession  About 269 BC Asoka succeeded to the Mauryan throne as its third ruler.  The Buddhist sources would make us believe that his accession to the throne was accompanied by much violence. According to them after usurping the