Maitraka rulers of Valabhi

                        Maitrakas of Valllabhi Family Tree / Image Tree

Vallabhi, a famous centre of learning rivalling Nalanda in ancient India, once served as the capital of the Maitraka Dynasty which arose in Gujarat and Saurashtra in western India in the late 5th century AD on the debris of the Gupta Empire. Vallabhi was a port city which was of substantial commercial significance. The Maitraka dynasty ruled from approximately 475 to 776 CE. 

Vallabhi has been described as famous centre of learning and trade in Somadeva’s Kathasaritsagara (Ocean of the Streams of Stories), a commentary written in the 11th century AD on the extinct Brihatkatha by Guṇaḍhya. 

Maitraka dynasty was founded in 475 CE by Bhatarka, who was a military governor of Saurashtra under Gupta Empire. He was a commander of Skandagupta, the last great Gupta ruler. Bhatarka did not assume the royal titles and continued to style himself as Senapati (General). He was responsible for setting up the famed university of Vallabhi. 

Bhatarka was succeeded by Dharasena who also called himself Senapati. 

Most important ruler of the Maitrakas was Dhruvasena II (reigned 627-641), a contemporary of Harsha who came in conflict with him and defeated him. However, Harsha thought it prudent to reinstate him to secure the western boundary. He also gave out the hands of his daughter in marriage to Dhruvasena II who was know for his mastery in grammar and the science of polity.

Dharasena IV (AD 645-650) was another important ruler of the Maitraka dynasty. Unlike his predecessor or successor, he assumed the title of Chakravartin.  

Bhatti, the author of Ravanavadha, was the court poet of Dharasena IV. Ravanavadha, (the Death of Rāvaṇa), more popularly known as Bhattikavya (Bhatti’s Poems), is a poem on the story of Rama.    

Shiladitya VI was the last ruler of the Maitraka dynasty. 

Key Points to Know

• A new era named Gupta era (320 AD) believed to have been founded by Chandra Gupta I was in use by the Maitraka dynasty for some centuries after the Gupta empire fell.  
• In the 5th century AD in Valabhi a Jaina Council was held. It was at this council, the oral  traditions of the Svetambar Jains were finally reduced to writing in the form of twelve Upangas or minor sections, and various lesser sections. 

Fauti or Phuti Masjid

                                                Phuti Masjid / Image Source

Situated in Murshidabad in West Bengal, Phuti Masjid is a mosque built by Sarfaraz Khan who had held the role of Nawab of Bengal for only one year (1739- 1740.) 

Sarfaraz Khan had succeeded his father Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan who had become Bengal Nawab after the death of latter's father-in-law Murshid Quli Khan, the first Nawab of Bengal and the founder of Murshidabad and the Nasiri dynasty which ruled Bengal from 1717 until 1740. 

TK Madhavan: The Spearhead of Vaikom Satyagraha

Born on September 2, 1885, TK Madhavan was a prominent social reformer who played a dominant role in the famed Vaikom Satyagraha, a movement for temple entry and abolition of untouchability. He was a follower of Sri Narayana Guru and in 1927 he was elected as the Organizing Secretary of the Shree Narayan Dharma Paripalana Yogam. 

Vaikom Satyagraha, which lasted for 18 months during 1924–25, was a movement to allow temple entry for the avarnas or lower castes at Vaikom (a part of the then princely state of Travancore) in the Kottayam district of Kerala. 

TK Madhavan was arrested in 1924 for participating in the Vaikom Satyagraha. He sought the help of Mahatma Gandhi who arrived at Vaikom on March 7, 1925 and camped there with TK Madhavan, helping in the successful completion of Satyagraha.

TK Madhavan made his contribution in the field of journalism. From 1917 onwards he was the editor of the Malayalam daily Deshabhimani which he started to educate the people of their rights.   

He had participated in the Indian National Congress session of Kanpur in 1925.

TK Madhavan died on April 27, 1930.  

Biography of Behramji Malabari

                                                                    Behramji Malabari. Image Source
An associate of Dadabhai Naoroji, M. G. Ranade, Dinshaw Wacha and other contemporary political leaders and social reformers, Behramji Merwanji Malabari was a Parsi social reformer who vigorously championed the cause of women. He was against casteism and child marriage, advocated widow remarriage. He was in favour of equality of sexes and uplift of the status of the women, particularly the widows. 

Born in Vadodara in 1853, Behramji Malabari had participated in the first session of the Indian National Congress held in Mumbai in 1885.

In 1908 he founded a social service organization Seva Sadan Society for the education and empowerment of women. The branches of Seva Sadan Society, which he founded with another social reformer Dayaram Gidumal, were also set up in Ahmedabad and Surat.

In 1875, he published a collection of Gujarati poems, Nitivinod (Pleasure of Morality) in which he ruminates on the ill effects of child marriage and the widowhood forced on women due to the practice of child marriage. Fluent both in Gujarati and English, in 1877 he wrote English poetry ‘Indian Muse in English Garb’ which enlisted recognition from famous English poet Alfred Tennyson. 

The widespread agitation by Behramji Malabari during the period 1884–1891 forced the British colonial government to pass the Age of Consent Act in 1891.

In 1893, Behramji Malabari published travel memoir The Indian Eye on English Life or Rambles of a Pilgrim Reformer which describes his three voyages to England and gives an account of the British way of life. 

Behramji had translated the speeches of the German orientalist Max Müller. 

Behramji Malabari died in 1912 in Simla. 

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Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh

Yesterday Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of a university in Aligarh named after Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh who is known for establishing a Provisional Government of Free India in Kabul in 1915 with himself as the President and Maulana Barkatullah of Bhopal as the President. 

Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh was a freedom fighter, revolutionary and journalist.

Born in a royal family in 1886 in Hathras in Uttar Pradesh, Mahendra Pratap Singh was one of the few royals who actively participated in the India’s struggle for freedom. From 1914 to 1945 he lived abroad in the USA, Austria, Germany, China, Afghanistan, Japan and Turkey working for India’s freedom from British colonialism. 

Mahendra Pratap Singh worked closely with the Hindustan Ghadar Party in the USA. In 1926 the Ghadar Part sent him to Tibet to organize a rebellion against the British. He started an Indian League in Japan.

Mahendra Pratap Singh supported technical and vocational education to students by establishing Prem Vidyalaya, a technical college, at Vrindavan in 1909. He believed in the essential unity of all religion and advocated the abolition of the Zamindari system in spite of himself being a landowner.

He started two papers- Prem in Hindi and Nirbal Sewak in Hindi and Urdu.

 

Sir Muhammad Iqbal : ideological founder of Pakistan

Muhammad Iqbal was an Urdu poet and lawyer. Born in Sialkot (now in Pakistan) on November 9, 1877, he was a great nationalist during early years of career writing the famous nationalist song: Sare Jahan se Accha, Hindositan hamara, but later on he voiced the idea of a separate Muslim state in the north-west India in his presidential address to the annual session of the Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930.

It was this idea which later fructified and culminated in the creation of a separate Muslim state of Pakistan on August 14, 1947. Naturally enough, he is acclaimed as the father of the idea of Pakistan. 

Muhammad Iqbal, also known as Allama Iqbal, died in Lahore in 1938.

History Medieval India - MCQs – Set 5

Q.1. Which one of the following dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate following Timur’s invasion?

(a) Sayyid dynasty

(b) Lodi dynasty

(c) Tughlaq dynasty

(d) Khalji dynasty

Q.2. Which of the following Delhi Sultanate rulers had set up employment exchanges for the unemployed?

(a) Firuz Shah Tughlaq

(b) Alauddin Khilji

(c) Muhammad bin Tughlaq

(d) Iltutmish

Q.3. Which of the following rulers of the Delhi Sultanate is called “Father of Indian Irrigation”?

(a) Firoz Shah Tughlaq

(b) Alauddin Khilji

(c) Muhammad Bin Tughlaq

(d) Sikandar Lodi

Q.4. Which of the following battles took place between Sher Shah and Humayun?

(a) Battle of Ghaghra

(b) Battle of Bilgram

(c) Battle of Surajgarh

(d) None of the above

Q.5. The Mughal empire under Akbar was divided into 15 provinces. They were called --------.

(a)  Parganas

(b)  Subahs

(c)  Sarkars

(d)  None of these

Q.6. What was the name of the war that took place between Sher Shah Suri and  the Mughal Governor of Bihar, Jalal Khan,  in 1534 ?

(a) Battle of Surajgarh 

(b) Battle of Bilgram

(c) Battle of Ghaghra

(d) Battle of Kannauj

Q.7. Which of the following works narrates the ascent of the Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq to power?

(a) Tabaqat-i-Nasiri

(b) Tajul-Ma'asir

(C) Tughlaqnama

(d) None of the above

Q.8. Who was the founder of Tughlaq Dynasty?

(a) Firoz Shah Tughlaq

(b) Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq

(C) Muhammad bin Tughlaq

(d) Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq

Q.9. What was the name of Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq before his ascension to the throne?

(a) Ghazi Malik 

(b) Juna Khan

(c) Nizam Khan

(d) None of the above

Q.10. Who among the following transferred his capital from Delhi to Devagiri renamed by him as Daulatabad?

(a) Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq 

(b) Mohammad-bin Tughlaq 

(c) Firoz Shah Tughlaq

(d) Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq

Answers

Q.1.- a

Khizr Khan was appointed governor of Multan, Lahore and DIpalpur by Timur Lang or Tamerlane who won these places after invading India and sacking Delhi in 1398-99. In June 1414, Khizr Khan invaded Delhi and founded a new dynasty named Saiyid Dynasty.

Q.2.- a

Firuz Shah Tughlaq, the third Tughlaq Sultan, had established employment exchanges for the unemployed.

Q.3.- a 

Firoz Shah Tughlaq, the third Tughlaq Sultan, is known as “Father of Indian Irrigation” because of the many irrigation canals that he built in his empire.

Q.4.- b 

The Battle of Kannauj took place at Kannauj in present day Uttar Pradesh between Mughal emperor Humayun and Afghan leader Sher Shah Suri on May 17, 1540. This battle is also known as the battle of Bilgram. Humayun was defeated by Sher Shah Suri in the battle.

Q.5.- b 

Initially Akbar had divided the Mughal empire into 12 subahs which were later expanded to 15 by the end of his reign.

Q.6.- a 

Battle of Surajgarh (1534) was fought between the combined forces of Jalal Khan and Bengal Sultan Mahmud Shah and the forces of Sher Shah.

Q.7.- c 

Tughlaq Nama (Book of the Tughlaqs) was written by Amir Khusrau. Tughlaq Nama describes the reign of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq.

Q.8.- b

Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq was the founder of the Tughluq dynasty. He was succeeded by Juna Khan who assumed the title of Muhammad bin Tughlaq whose reign marked the highest point of territorial expansion of the Delhi Sultanate.  

Q.9.- a

Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq was called Ghazi Malik before his ascension to the throne of Delhi Sultanate. Ghiyas-ud-din Tughluq was succeeded by Juna Khan who assumed the title of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. 

Q.10.- b

In 1327 a rebellion by his cousin Bahauddin Gurshasp, prompted Muhammad bin Tughluq to transfer his capital from Delhi to centrally located Devagiri, which he named Daulatabad. However, this experiment of his did not go down well with the Delhi populace. This forced the Sultan to retransfer the capital to Delhi.