Coins of Coin of Muiz ud din Qaiqabad / image credit Before his death in 1287, Delhi Sultanate ruler Balban of Slave Dynasty had nominated his grandson Kai Khusrav as his successor after his son Bughra Khan declined the offer (Bughra Khan instead became an independent ruler of Bengal). Kai Khusrav was the son of Muhammad (another son of Balban), who was killed in the fight with Mongols in 1285. But disregarding Balban’s wish, the nobles of the Slave dynasty (Mamluk dynasty) placed Kaiqubad (Qaiqabad), son of Bughra Khan, on the throne. Kaiqubad (Muiz-ud-din Qaiqabad), brought up under the watchful eyes of Balban, himself a strict disciplinarian, was seventeen when he became Sultan. He soon plunged himself into debauchery. Real power of the kingdom came into the hands of Nizam-ud-din, son-in-law of Fakhr-ud-din, the Kotwal of Delhi. Confusion and chaos reigned supreme. Nizam-ud-din was poisoned by Kaiqubad when the former hesitated to obey the latter's diktat to transf...
M uhammad Iqbal was an Urdu poet and lawyer. Born in Sialkot (now in Pakistan) on November 9, 1877, he was a great nationalist during early years of career writing the famous nationalist song: Sare Jahan se Accha, Hindositan hamara, but later on he voiced the idea of a separate Muslim state in the north-west India in his presidential address to the annual session of the Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930. It was this idea which later fructified and culminated in the creation of a separate Muslim state of Pakistan on August 14, 1947. Naturally enough, he is acclaimed as the father of the idea of Pakistan. Muhammad Iqbal, also known as Allama Iqbal, died in Lahore in 1938.