Was Delhi Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq Actually The Insane

Jauna Khan aka Ulugh Khan succeeded his father and first Tughluq ruler Ghiyas -ud -Din –Tughlaq under the title of Muhammad bin Tughluq whose death in 1351 after a 26-year reign, according to the 16th century historian Badauni, liberated the Sultan from his people and freed them from him. 

Muhammad bin Tughluq was among the most remarkable, enigmatic and controversial figures among the Sultans of Delhi. To his contemporaries, he was a mixture of cruelty and kindness.                                                                                                                            

For Barani, who enjoyed his patronage, the ideal ruler was the next Tughlaq monarch Firuz Shah Tughluq. Ibn Batuta, who was appointed Qazi of Delhi by the Sultan, failed to examine all the aspects of the Sultan’s personality in the right perspective. 

With an excellent command on Arabic and Persian, he was well versed in astronomy, jurisprudence, logic, philosophy, medicine, mathematics, and rhetoric.

In 1327 one such rebellion by his cousin Bahauddin Gurshasp, governor of Sagar, prompted Muhammad bin Tughluq to transfer his capital from Delhi to centrally located Devagiri, which he named Daulatabad. However, this experiment of his did not go down well with the Delhi populace. This forced the Sultan to retransfer the capital to Delhi.    

Introduction of a token currency in 1329-30 by Muhammad bin Tughluq was his second experiment which has drawn controversy. Probably imitating the paper money issued by Kublai Khan in China, the Sultan issued bronze tankas at par with the value of silver tanks. A shortage of silver was the main reason for the introduction of this project. However, the experiment came to naught due to the circulation of counterfeit coins on a large scale, which caused economic chaos. To combat the chaos, the Sultan stopped the circulation of the token currency and was compelled to exchange all the token coins for the silver coins. 

Muhammad bin Tughluq in 1328-29 increased the land tax on the Doab farmers. The increase coincided with a sever famine in the Doab, followed by plague. The Sultan established a department of agriculture (diwan-i-kohli), got wells dug for irrigation and introduced improved agriculture methods through rotation of crops.

During his reign Muhammad bin Tughluq had to encounter as many as thirty four rebellions, twenty seven of them in the south. Three important states – the Vijayanagar Empire, the Bahmani kingdom and the Muslim sultanate of Madurai in extreme south India, came into existence at the cost of Sultanate territory. In fact, his end had come while fighting against the rebels in Thatta in Sindh.

Mir Jumla, Mughal Governor of Bengal

Mir Jumla was the subahdar of Bengal during the reign of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. A Persian by birth, his original name was Muhammad Saiyid. Before becoming the wazir under Shah Jahan and later during the reign of his successor Aurangzeb, Mir Jumla was originally in the service of the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. He had conquered Karnataka on behalf of Golconda ruler Abdullah Qutb Shah.  

Mir Jumla was known for his martial and administrative ability. He was made governor of Bengal in 1659 by Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. In 1661, he seized Cooch Behar and marched to Assam. However, the difficult terrain and the bad climate of the area forced Mir Jumla to retreat empty handed in 1663 and the subjugation of Assam remained incomplete.

Mir Jumla died in 1663 on his way to Dacca and has been entombed at Thakurbari on the Assam-Meghalaya border in the westernmost part of West Garo Hills . 

Firoz Tughlaq, the last prominent ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty

                            Firuz Shah Tughlaq's tomb in Delhi / Image credit

Firuz Shah Tughlaq (1309 – 1388 CE) was the third ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty of the famed Delhi Sultanate. He succeeded to the throne in 1351 after the demise of his cousin Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq who had become second Tughlaq sultan in 1325 AD. During his rule of 37 years, Firuz tried to bring a semblance of prosperity to his empire which had fallen into confusion and chaos during the rule of his predecessor due to the latter’s eccentric policies.

The early six years of his reign are documented in the Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, a contemporary account by medieval historian Ziauddin Barani. Another contemporary chronicle, also known as Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi, written by Shams Siraj Afif, gives a detailed account of his reign.

He is credited with the founding of the cities of Jaunpur in 1359 (Uttar Pradesh), Hissar and Fatehabad (Haryana), Firozpur (Punjab). Jaunpur was named after Muhammad bin Tughluq who was known by the name of Juna Khan before his accession to the throne. Firozabad, the fifth city of Delhi, was also built by Feroz Shah Tughlaq. However, only the fortress and its crumbling remains in the forms of Jama Masjid (Friday mosque), a baoli (step-well), and a palace topped by a polished sandstone Ashoka Pillar brought by the Sultan from Ambala are found.

When the forth storey of Qutab Minar in Delhi was struck by lightning in 1370, Firoz replaced it with two more storeys, 

Firuz Shah Tughlaq was a religious bigot and this prevented him from being just to his non–Muslim subjects by imposing Jizya tax on them. 

He had prohibited Muslim women from worshipping the graves of saints. 

He is known to have as many as 180,000 slaves. According to Shams Siraj Afif, their rise brought disaster to the Tughlaqs. They annihilated Firuz's sons and played roles in destroying the Tughlaq dynasty. Firuz's eunuch named Malik Sarwar founded the  Sharqi dynasty of Jaunpur.   

Firuz died in 1388, aged eighty-two. 

Kamran Mirza, the Mughal prince

Kamran Mirza was the second son of Babur, the first Mughal emperor, who had appointed him to the position of governorship of Lahore during his rule. 

He had captured Bikaner’s famous Junagarh Fort, albeit for a day, which had otherwise remained unconquered in history. He tried to enlist the support of Sur ruler Islam Shah Sur against his brother Humayun but was rebuffed. He died in 1557 near Mecca to which he was on his way to perform the Hajj after being blinded on the order of Humayun.

Kamran Mirza is known to have built a baradari (a typical Mughal pavilion) at Lahore, one of the oldest Mughal structures.

 

Charaka, Master of Indian Medical science

An alumnus of the famed centre of learning Taxila (presently in the Punjab province of Pakistan) in ancient India, Charaka was the author of Charaka Samahita (Compendium of Charaka), basic textbook of Indian medicine.

Pandyan Dynasty of Sangam Age

Pandyas were one of the three major ruling dynasties of the Tamil Country during the Sangam period (between the 3rd century B.C. and 3rd century A.D.) It was in their court at Madurai that the great literary assemblies (Sangams) of the Tamil poets were held. Pandyas find mention in the edicts of the Mauyran Emperor Asoka and have been referred to in the Ramayana and the Mahabharata.  

The early history of the Pandyas is shrouded in obscurity. Palyagasalai Mudukudumi was the earliest known Pandyan ruler who has been described in the Sangam epics as a great conqueror, a performer of many sacrifices and a patron of poets. Aryappadaikadanda Nedunjhelian who, himself, was a poet of great merit, was the next important ruler of the dynasty. 

The greatest Tamil epic Silappadigaram (the Jewelled Anklet) says that Nedunjelian had ordered, without trial, the execution of Kovalan (the hero of  Silappadigaram), who was accused by a court jeweler of theft of the anklets of the queen of  Nedunjelian. Later when the king came to realize Kovalam’s innocence, he was filled with remorse and died of shock on the throne itself. Kannagi, wife of Kovalam, unleashed a curse of destruction upon the city of Madurai. The city became engulfed in fire.

After Nedunjhelian, many later Pandayan rulers are mentioned by the Sangam literature. However, nothing substantial about them can be said with certainty. 

The kings of the Pandyas had sent several embassies to the Roman emperors Augustus and Trajan.  According to Greek geographer Strabo, an embassy sent by a Pandyan king  was met by Augustus at Athens about 20 B.C. 

Kumara Gupta I

Chandragupta II was succeeded by his son Kumara Gupta I (c. 415-455 AD), who like his grandfather Samudragupta, performed the Vedic horse sacrifice (Ashvamedha). 

In his last years, the Gupta empire suffered a severe blow in the form of attack by the Hunas, the barbaric tribes from Central Asia. The Hunas were finally defeated by his son Skanda Gupta.