History of Bikaner in Rajasthan is the history of its Rathore rulers. Bikaner is named after its founder Rao Bika, son of Jodhpur’s founder Rao Jodha. Rao Bika, a Rajput chieftain of the Rathore clan, founded the princely state of Bikaner in 1486. In this endeavor he was assisted by his brave uncle Rawat Kandhal who was killed in 1490 in the Battle of Sahawa in which the Delhi Sultanate forces were then led by Sarang Khan, Governor of Hisar during the Lodhi dynasty.
Another ruler Rao Lunakaran, who ruled from 1505 to 1526, built Shri Laxminath Temple in Bikaner. After his death in a battle with Nawab of Narnaul, the reins of the kingdom passed on to his son Rao Jait Singh who was born on 31 October 1489 and ruled from 1526 to 1542.
He faced the attack of the Mughal attack under Kamran, the second son of Babur, the first Mughal emperor. Kamran captured Bikaner’s fort, albeit for a day, which had otherwise remained unconquered in history. The Mughal army had to retreat due to the onslaught of the Bikaner forces.
Jait Singh was killed in a battle with Rao Maldeo Rathore of Jodhpur. He was succeeded by his son Rao Kalyan Mal (1542 –1571) who acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor Akbar at Nagaur in November 1570. With the support of Sher Shah Suri, the founder of Sur dynasty, Kalyan Mal defeated Maldeo in 1945 in the Battle of Sammel. It was a pyric victory for Sher Shah who suffered heavy loss due to the valiant efforts of commanders Jaita and Kumpa of Maldeo Rathore. He is said to have remarked after this ""for a handful of millet, I almost lost the Empire of Hindustan."
Next in line was his son Rao Rai Singh who ruled from 1571 to 1611. He is famous for commissioning the Junagarh Fort in Bikaner, built under the supervision of his minister Karan Chand. The Junagadh Fort was built between 1589 and 1594.
In the second half of the seventeenth century, Anup Singh, the ruler of Bikaner during 1669–1698, had led the Mughal army to capture the Golconda Sultanate under Abul Hasan Qutb Shah in 1687, for which Aurangzeb granted him the title Maharaja. Aurangzeb also granted him the royal honour of Mahi Maratib.
He collected several manuscripts and established the Anup Sanskrit Library in his capital city of Bikaner.
After the weakening of the Mughal Empire following the death of Aurangzeb, Bikaner and the princely state of Jodhpur indulged in battle.
In 1818 the princely state of Bikaner entered the protection of the East India Company under subsidiary alliance system started by Lord Wellesley (Lord Wellesley (1798-1805). Under this system the Indian ruler, who entered into this alliance, was to surrender a part of his territories or give money for the maintenance of a subsidiary force of the British needed for the defence of the state. The subsidiary state had also to surrender its external relations to the Company and accept a British resident at the capital.
At the time of its integration with the state of Rajasthan in 1949, the princely state of Bikaner controlled an area of more than (60,000 square km).
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