Basava's Veerashaivism or Lingayatism

Union Home Minister Amit Shah recently unveiled the statue of Basavanna or Basava in the premises of the Karnataka State Assembly.

Basava was the founder of Veerashaivism or Lingayatism, an important Shaivite sect. This sect is famous more for its cult and social doctrines than for its theology, which is a “qualified monism”.

Basava was a minister of King Bijala Kalchuri who had founded a new dynasty after usurping the throne of the Chalukyas of Kalyani in A. D. 1156. 

Basava opposed idolatry. In Lingayatism the only scared symbol is the linga of Shiva, a specimen of which is always carried on the person of the believer. 

Radical in his view, Basava completely rejected the Vedas and authority of the Brahmin class, and priesthood.  

Apart from opposing pilgrimage and sacrifice he instituted complete equality among his followers, even to the equality of women who were permitted to remarry on the death of their husbands. 
Among other Aryan practices which Basava condemned was cremation, and his followers are still buried. 

Their sacred literature of the the Lingayats is mainly in Kannada and Telgu.

Revolutionary martyr Sohan Lal Pathak

Born in 1883 at Patti (now in Tarn Taran district) in Punjab, Sohan Lal Pathak was a revolutionary who was hanged at the Mandalay Jail in Burma on 10 February 1916 for organizing an uprising against the British. 

In 1901, Sohan Lal Pathak got married to Laksmi Devi who died after giving birth to their son who also died with a week of his birth.  

Sohan Lal Pathak came in contact with Lala Lajpat Rai under whom he became the editor of an Urdu journal, Bande Mataram. Bande Mataram was being run by Lala Lajpat Rai in Lahore. 

Sohan Lal Pathak went to the USA in 1913 to join the Ghadar Party in California. He was the first revolutionary of the Ghadar Party who went to gallows outside India.

Se Cathedral, Goa

                                                            Se Cathedral / Iamge Credit

Located in Old Goa, Se Cathedra is one of the earliest churches of Goa. It was built to commemorate the conquest of the Portuguese under Afonso de Albuquerque over Ismail Adil Shah, the ruler of Adilshahi dynasty of Bijapu, resulting in the annexation of the city of Goa into the Portuguese dominions in February 1510. 

Located on India's western coast, Goa continued to remain under Portuguese colonial rule until 1961 when it was annexed into India. 

One of the largest churches in Asia, Se Cathedral is one of the finest specimens of Portuguese-Gothic architecture. The church is dedicated to St. Catherine.

 It is part of the World Heritage Site, Churches and convents of Goa.

St. John’s Church, Kolkata

                                        St. John’s Church, Kolkata / Image credit 

Built in 1787, St. John’s Church is one of the oldest Churches in Kolkata. Its 174 ft-high stone tower has earned it the nickname ‘The Stone Church’. 

Within the precincts of the Church is the tomb of Job charnock, traditionally associated with the foundation of Kolkata. Another highlight of St. John’s Church is a two hundred year old exquisite painting depicting the Last Supper, by 18th-century German neoclassical artist Johann Zoffany.

Hidden corridor Revealed in the Great Pyramid of Giza

Egyptian antiquities officials have announced the discovery of a hidden corridor inside the 4,500 year old Pyramid of Khufu or the Great Pyramid of Giza. Archaeologists are yet to unravel the purpose the corridor served.

The corridor, 9m (30ft) long and 2.1m (7ft) wide, was first detected in 2016 using an imaging technique called muography. 

The Great Pyramid of Giza is named after a Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Khufu, or Cheops, who reigned from 2509 to 2483 B.C.  The mystery of how exactly the ancient Egyptians built the immense pyramids has confounded experts for centuries.

Today, the pyramids are the most important historical attractions of Egypt.

Located just outside the Egyptian capital Cairo, the Pyramid of Khufu  is one of the three structures that make up the Giza pyramid complex. Originally built to a height of 146 meters, the Pyramid of Khufu now stands at 139 meters. 

Formerly known as the Pyramid of Cheops, the Great Pyramid of Giza has attracted generations of history enthusiasts and researchers over the centuries. 

World's oldest wonder

The structure is the only of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World to have survived to this day. 

Savitribai Phule: A Crusader Of Gender Justice

Savitribai Phule was a poet, reformer and educationist. Born on January 3, 1831 in Naigaon in a lowly Mali family in Maharashtra she was married off at the tender age of 10.

Critical of the prevailing Hindu religion and custom she along with her husband, Jyotirao Phule, established several schools for the uplift of the untouchables and women. 

Savitribai Phule started India’s first school for girls at Pune's Bhide Wada in 1848.

To make the depressed classes conscious of their rights, she and her husband founded the Satya Sodhak Samaj in 1873. 

Savitribai passed away on March 10, 1897.

Savitribai Phule was born in Maharashtra’s Satara district to Lakshmi and Khandoji Nevase Patil on January 3, 1831. 

Her important works include:

• Kavya Phule (“Flowers of Poems”) (published in 1854)

• Bavan Kashi Subodh Ratnakar (published in1892)

• Matushri Savitribai Phulenchi Bhashane Va Gaani

• Jotibanchi Bhashane Vol. 1 to 4 – [Collection of Mahatma Phule’s speeches, edited by Savitribai Phule],

In Savitribai’s honour, the Pune University was renamed the Savitribai Phule Pune University in 2015. 

Key Takeaways

• Savitribai Phule is hailed as the first female teacher in India. 
• Savitribai Phule opposed child marriage, dowry, Sati and child infanticide. She stood for women’s education and widow remarriage. 
• She has been popularly called the ‘Crusader of Gender Justice.’ 
• Along with her husband Jyotirao Phule, Savitribai established two educational trusts in the 1850s. One was called the Native Female School of Pune, and the other was The Society for Promoting the Education of Mahars, Mangs and Etceteras.

108th Indian Science Congress

On January 3 Prime Minister Narendra Modi had inaugurated and witnessed the entire inaugural session of the 108th Indian Science Congress through video conferencing . 

Where was 108th Indian Science Congress held?

The 108th ISC was held at Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University (RTMNU) which is also celebrating its centenary this year.

The first session of the Indian Science Congress was held in 1914.

Theme of 108th Indian Science Congress

The theme of the event this year was “Science and Technology for Sustainable Development with Women Empowerment.” The public talks and exhibitions were open to the general public.

The technical sessions of the 108th Indian Science Congress ware divided into 14 sections under which parallel sessions were conducted at different venues in the university’s Mahatma Jotiba Phule Educational Campus.

A special attraction of the event was a mega expo “Pride of India”. The prominent developments, major achievements and the significant contributions largely of Indian Science and Technology to the society ware showcased in the exhibition, which brought together and displayed hundreds of new ideas, innovations, and products covering the entire canvas of the scientific world. 

Pride of India displays the strengths and achievements of Government, Corporate, PSUs, Academic and R&D Institutes, Innovators & Entrepreneurs from all across the country.

In the run-up to the event, the Vigyan Jyot programme, a tradition of the Indian Science Congress was held. Vigyan Jyot - Flame of Knowledge - was conceived on the lines of the Olympic flame. It is a movement dedicated to nurturing scientific temper in the society, especially the youth. 

Key Points 

• The 108th ISC was held at Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, which is also celebrating its centenary this year.
• The first annual session of the ISC was held in 1914. 
• The 108th ISC was held at Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University. 
• The university is celebrating its centenary in 2023. 
• The theme of ISC 2023 was “Science and Technology for Sustainable Development with Women Empowerment.” 

ASI Discovers 1,300-yr-old Buddhist Stupa in Odisha

                                                Sanchi Stupa - The Dome / Image Credit

Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has found a 1,300-year-old stupa in Odisha’s Jajpur district.There is possibility that the 4.5-metre tall stupa belongs to the 7th or 8th century.

The stupa was found at Khandolite mining site at Parabhadi in Sukhuapada hamlet in the district. Stones from the site were supplied for the beautification project around the famed 12th century AD Shree Jagannath Temple in Puri.

Parabhadi is situated near Lalitagiri, a famous Buddhist site housing a large number of stupas and monasteries.

Another smaller stupa was completely destroyed due to mining at the site.

In ancient temple complexes in Odisha Khondalite stones were used on a large scale. The State government had made an ambitious plan to spend 3,208 crore under the Augmentation of Basic Amenities and Development of Heritage and Architecture (ABADHA) scheme in three years to transform Puri into a world heritage city.

Stupas in Buddhism
Stupas or tumuli were over the divided ashes of the Buddha. These stupas were built by Ashoka, the greatest Mauryan emperor, in honour of the Buddha in many parts of India and Nepal. The stupa in Nepal is in its original form. Chief among the stupas built by the great emperor are those at Bharhut and Sanchi in Madhya Pradesh.

Among the later stupas, those of Sarnath in Uttar Pradesh and Nalanda in Bihar are very famous. 

Before the introduction of the Buddha’s images, wheel, an empty throne, footprints, pipal trees, stupas were the symbols used for his remembrance. 

Key Takeaways

• The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has found a 1,300-year-old stupa in Odisha’s Jajpur district.
• The stupa was found at Khandolite mining site at Parabhadi in Sukhuapada hamlet in the Jajpur district. 
• Stones from the site were supplied for the beautification project around the 12th Century Shree Jagannath Temple in Puri.
• In ancient temple complexes in Odisha, Khondalite stones were used on a large scale